Chapter+7+Sociolinguistics


 * __ Christina Gonzalez Chapter 7 Collaborative Reports 6/23/11 __**


 * Idiolect- ** Basically refers to the personal language used by an individual. Everyone has there own unique way of pronouncing words. An example of this would be when someone retells a story and they’re trying to imitate that person in the story they usually change their choice of words or how they say something.


 * [] **


 * Code Switching- ** This is usually when an individual alternates from one language to another. For instance, ever since I could remember and still to this day my mom will begin a sentence in English and finish it in Spanish and vica versa.


 * [] **


 * Registers- ** Refers to the choice of words we use and the dialect in which we speak it during different encounters or situations. For instance, the language I would use to speak with my daughter has less complex words and phrases than the type of language I would use to speak with a fellow employee.


 * [] **


 * Nativization- ** is basically the process where language gains native speakers. For instance, throughout the process individuals acquire new vocabulary to describe their human experiences all while creating a new generation of speakers.


 * [] **


 * Lingua franca- ** is basically any language that is widely used as means of communicating between speakers of other languages. For example, English is considered the lingua franca of aviation and technology.

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Sociolinguistics and Linguistic Anthropology (Chapter 7)

**Sociolinguistics: Study of how language and social factors, such as ethnicity, social class, age, gender, and educational level are related.** [|//sociolinguistics//: //Definition// from Answers.com]

//sociolinguistics// n. (used with a sing. verb) The study of language and //linguistic// behavior as influenced by social and cultural factors. www.answers.com › [|Library] › [|Literature & Language] - [|Cached] - [|Similar]
 * Donna Hughes**

**Language community: A group of people who live, word, socialize, and communicate with one another.** http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0859179.html **Dialect: A regional or social variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary.** [|The Dialectizer]
 * Donna Hughes**

Browse the web or read text in any of several comic English //dialects//. Pick from Redneck, Jive, Cockney, Elmer Fudd, Swedish Chef, Moron, and Pig Latin. www.rinkworks.com/**dialect**/ - [|Cached] - [|Similar]
 * Donna Hughes**

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nz44WiTVJww&playnext=1&list=PLF413A3D416D1BE18
 * Linguistic anthropology: A branch of cultural anthropology that is interested in, among other things, how language influences thought and experiences.**
 * Donna Hughes**

[] By Araceli Rodriguez June 22
 * Idiolect**
 * Idiolect**- Rowe & Levine said is an individual’s personal, individual way of speaking. For example the individual lexicon, grammar or pronunciations that is unique to the individual. This image shows an example of how the message of a particular person.


 * Language or speech community**


 * dialect**
 * Dialect**-is the share, unique linguistic characteristics of their speech. For example I have my own dialect because I speak Spanish. Some examples of dialects are used in the South they say Y all, and in the north they say You all, another word is in the south they say “Fixin to” and in the north they say about to, in the South they say “Howdy and in the north they say hello. [] By Araceli Rodriguez June 22

[|The Dialectizer]
Browse the web or read text in any of several comic English //dialects//. Pick from Redneck, Jive, Cockney, Elmer Fudd, Swedish Chef, Moron, and Pig Latin. www.rinkworks.com/**dialect**/ - [|Cached] - [|Similar]

is the variety of American English used in business, education, and the media. It is also a prestige dialect. Here is a youtube clip in which Bill Labov talks about the derivation of SAE. It is pretty interesting, he focuses a lot on the pronunciation of the [r] sound. [] By: Molly Caldera 06/23/2011
 * Standard American English**

is the variety of a language spoken by the high-status people of a society. Here is a link that goes into more detail about prestige dialects. [] By: Molly Caldera 06/23/2011
 * Prestige dialect**

is the prestige variety of British English, so-called because the British Broadcasting Corporation uses it. You can listen to an example from the BBC web site, which is streaming live talk radio. [] By: Molly Caldera 06/23/2011
 * BBC English**

(page 190-191 in textbook) //One of the most colorful ways in which dialects vary is semantically. Many lexical items vary according to region in the United States.// The example I can think of is from when I first came up to Chicago and was working in the deli and Jewel. I called the "dust pan" a "dust scoop". It seems like such a small change, but people were actually confused about what I was referring to. Also, back home, the word "rig" refers to a person's truck, "diggers" refer to the tires on a truck, and I don't think many people know what a "float trip" is in Chicago (none of my friends up here do), but it is a canoe trip that can last one or a few days where you float down the river with all of your supplies.
 * Semantic variation**
 * //Do you carry a pail or a bucket? Do you eat pancakes, johnnycakes, or flapjacks for breakfast? It depends on where you live in northern states or southern states.//

Here is a[| pdf] that further extends the topic about semantic variation in sociolinguistics. By: Molly Caldera 06/23/2011 I have a bit to say about this as well, which is described in the textbook as words that are pronounced differently in the different regions of the United States. For example, my family says the word vehicle, "vE-HICle", whereas, my boyfriend's family (from Chicago) says vehicle, VE-icle, with no accent on the "h" sound. It, therefore, takes me (and other people from TN) longer to say the word. Here is a map of the British phonological variations as an example of how there are may ways to pronounce the [a]. [] By: Molly Caldera 06/23/2011
 * Phonological variation**
 * Morphological variation**

[] by Araceli Rodriguez June 22
 * African American English**
 * African American English (AAE**) - is one of several names for the varieties of English use in African American community. For example when you go to the shopping mall and you hear African American people talk you hear them use (AAVE) African American Vernacular English. This website gives you good examples of how the (AAVE) use in their language. For example; in future sentences they say gona or gon, I don't care what he say, you __ gon laugh...as long as i's kids around he's gon play rough or however they're playing.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RSUMnOVlp1M (Kathy Sullivan)
 * Code switching - ( Rowe and Levine) the practice of changing from one style of language to another. An example of code switching can be seen in the following youtube video. **

[]
 * Consonant cluster deletion**
 * /r/ and /l/ deletion**
 * monophthongization**
 * Interdental fricatives**-is when they use the **lower lip and upper teeth **. Labiodental consonants are produced by raising the lower lip to the upper teeth. English has only fricative labiodentals. For example when I teach these types of sound to my class the sound t and d is an interdental fricatives. This image shows what part of the mouth we use when we say sounds f and v are interdental.



[|What is a //Copula//?]
 * Verb aspect**
 * Verb deletion**
 * Copula:**

In this context, however, feel is used as a //copula// verb, not an action verb, and so the adjectival //form// is correct. By using the modifier badly, **...** www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-**copula**.htm **Donna Hughes** http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YS8IXIm-GoE
 * Indirect questions: In AAE preserve the word order of direct questions**
 * Donna Hughes**
 * existential** //**it**//
 * multiple negation**

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oQP4gM5Na54 (Kathy Sullivan)
 * griot- (**Rowe&Levin)- a learned elder in an African village who memorized the oral history of the community in a sort of epic poem. the following youtube video show a griot from an African American community.


 * Hispanic English**

Cognates- Are similar words in 2 or more different languages that were derived from a similar root language and may have similar meanings. Examples- student/estudente, school/escuela Link- http://www.angelfire.com/wi3/englishcorner/vocabulary/vocabulary.html Patty Wagner
 * Cognates-**


 * False cognates**


 * Double negation**

Pidgin Language- Are simplified languages developed for use in specific interactions, such as business, service, and trade. They developed when people who had no common language came into contact. Example- Chinese-English pidgin of the Far East, Tok Pisin was a pidgin language based on English and the languages of New Guinea. Link- http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/minority-ethnic/caribbean/ Patty Wagner [] By Araceli Rodriguez June 22
 * Pidgin-**
 * Creole**
 * lingua franca**
 * Lingua franca**- is a common second language used for business and other communication needs by people speaking different first languages. For example in the United StateS the lingua franca is English. This video shows how different actors have their own lingua franca of English language, because some of them have high pitch and some of them talk vey slow.

Are styles of speech that is appropriate to the situation, the level of formality, and the person being spoken to. Example- When speaking with family and friends, we speak differently than when we speak to a clerk in the store. Link- http://www.articleworld.org/index.php/Register_(linguistics) Patty Wagner
 * superstrate language**
 * substrate language**
 * creole language**
 * nativization**
 * register-**
 * slang (vernacular)**


 * taboo words**


 * expletives-**naughty words :)...words that are taboo. Examples include b*#!h, sh*#, etc. (Kathy Sullian I know it's short but I didn't think I needed to go into a whole lot of detail with this one)


 * jargon-(Rowe and Levine)- technical terms in a profession, sport, hobby or field of expertise. People use jargon to shorten the language in their field. For example, in the field of special education we are inundated with professional jargon. Some jargon terms u in my field include words such as IEP, stanines, Tier 3 Interventions, and RIT bands (Kathy Sullivan) **

[|//doublespeak// - definition and //examples// of //doublespeak//]
 * doublespeak:**

Language intended to disguise, distort, or obscure its actual meaning. grammar.about.com/od/d/g/**doublespeak**term.htm - [|Cached] - [|Similar]
 * Donna Hughes**


 * sex**
 * gender**
 * indirect language**


 * tag questions-** short questions that are added to the end of declarative statements (Rowe and Levine) Examples of tag questions include "I think we should take a break,dont you?" or "We are ready to eat dinner aren't we". It is more common for women to use tag questions than men in their conversations. (Kathy Sullivan)

This is the role assumed by a cultural anthropologist, or ethnographer, who is living within a group and studying their culture. This concept is quite interesting because we watched a movie in class where the two males devoted their whole life to living in different countries and environments for the sake of learning their culture. Although we are not anthropologists or ethnographers, our class assignment to observe a family is similar in a way. We are only staying for a half an hour to an hour but we are immersing ourselves into their culture and way of life. Awesome field experience!! Nena Awad 6/26/11
 * participant observer:**

This is a basic tenet of cultural anthropology; it is the idea that a culture is consistent and comprehensible within itself. This concept essentially means is that certain customs and norms for a certain culture may not be for our own however it fits for that culture and setting more properly. Every culture will have different norms that they abide and it functions well in their lifestyles. Just because it is different to us it does not mean that it won’t work for that culture. I found this [|link] that gives examples of this concept and how we can now start to observe that the differences are actually fitting for that culture.
 * cultural relativism:**

Nena Awad 6/26/11 Cultural relativism- Is a basic tenet of cultural anthropology; it is the idea that a culture is consistent and comprehensible within itself. Example-To understand why the people of a culture do a particulat thing, you have to look for the answer within your culture. Link- http://www.csus.edu/indiv/g/gaskilld/SocialIssues14/CulturalRelativism.htm Patty Wagner

This is the idea that each language is consistent and comprehensible within itself and must be studied as a unique system. This is similar to cultural relativism only that it’s fixated on the linguistic aspect. Nena Awad 6/26/11
 * linguistic relativism:**

He proposed that people of different cultures think and behave differently because the languages they speak influence them to do so. Language influences culture and vice versa therefore this theory is true in that different cultures think and behave differently BUT that does not mean they are wrong it's just a different way of life. Nena Awad 6/26/11
 * Sapir-Whorf hypothesis:**

Or the strong theory of linguistic relativism that holds the theory that language compels people to think according to linguistic categories. This is basically the idea that language shapes thoughts. I would say this is extreme if one would think that language determines thought but I will agree that it impacts it greatly. Nena Awad 6/26/11
 * Linguistic determinism:**

It is the set of words in a language that describe segments of the color spectrum. Color terms in English words such as red, blue, green, white, yellow, etc. I found this awesome [|website] where it translates the colors of the english language into Swedish! Here are some of the colors. grön || Nena Awad 6/26/11
 * kinship terminology:**
 * [[image:http://www.enchantedlearning.com/bgifs/Black.GIF width="46" height="45" link="http://www.enchantedlearning.com/colors/black.shtml"]]
 * [|black]**
 * svart ** || [[image:http://www.enchantedlearning.com/bgifs/Blue.GIF width="46" height="45" link="http://www.enchantedlearning.com/colors/blue.shtml"]]
 * [|blue]**
 * blå ** || [[image:http://www.enchantedlearning.com/bgifs/Brown.GIF width="46" height="45" link="http://www.enchantedlearning.com/colors/brown.shtml"]]
 * [|brown]**
 * brun ** || [[image:http://www.enchantedlearning.com/ggifs/Gray.GIF width="46" height="45" link="http://www.enchantedlearning.com/colors/gray.shtml"]]
 * [|gray]**
 * grå ** ||
 * [[image:http://www.enchantedlearning.com/ggifs/Green.GIF width="46" height="45" link="@http://www.enchantedlearning.com/colors/green.shtml"]]
 * green**
 * [|orange]**
 * orange ** || [[image:http://www.enchantedlearning.com/pgifs/Pink.GIF width="46" height="45" link="http://www.enchantedlearning.com/colors/pink.shtml"]]
 * [|pink]**
 * rosa, ljusröd ** || [[image:http://www.enchantedlearning.com/pgifs/Purple.GIF width="46" height="45" link="http://www.enchantedlearning.com/colors/purple.shtml"]]
 * [|purple/lilac]**
 * lila, purpur ** ||
 * [[image:http://www.enchantedlearning.com/rgifs/Red.GIF width="45" height="46" link="http://www.enchantedlearning.com/colors/red.shtml"]]
 * [|red]**
 * röd ** || [[image:http://www.enchantedlearning.com/wgifs/White.GIF width="46" height="45" link="http://www.enchantedlearning.com/colors/white.shtml"]]
 * [|white]**
 * vit ** || [[image:http://www.enchantedlearning.com/ygifs/Yellow.GIF width="46" height="45" link="http://www.enchantedlearning.com/colors/yellow.shtml"]]
 * [|yellow]**
 * gul ** ||

Stephanie Signore - June 24
 * language and nationalism**
 * double negation -** According to our text, a double negation is the use of more than one negative word to negate a sentence. One of my students constantly uses the phrase “I don’t got no pencil” This would be one example of a double negation. []

Many of my students use slang words on a daily basis. For example, whenever we do a fun activity in class many of my students state, “that was tight!” The word “tight” in this situation means “cool or awesome”. [] Stephanie Signore - June 24
 * slang words - **According to the book slang words are newly coined words or those that have never been completely accepted in formal speech.

Stephanie Signore - June 24
 * gender - **According to our book gender is the learned complex of masculine or feminine behaviors such as defined by culture. As a male or female people are given roles that are defined by their culture. For example, as a female many cultures view the behaviors as being a housekeeper whereas as a male you would be seen more as the protector and provider of the family. []

Our book provides us with the example of the English and Spanish language. The English words begin with /s/ and the Spanish words begin with /e/. One example of this would be that in the English language school is spelled “school” and in the Spanish language “school” is spelled “escuela”. [] Stephanie Signore - June 24
 * cognates - **According to our book, cognates are different languages that were derived from a similar root language and may have similar meanings.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'inherit','serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">Stephanie Signore - June 24 - Are short questions like “Isn’t it? And “don’t you?” that are added to the end of declarative statements. Example-“I think we should contact the central office, don’t you?” Link-http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/questions/question_tags3.htm Patty Wagner
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'inherit','serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">tag questions - **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'inherit','serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">According to our text, tag questions are short questions like “//isn’t it?”// and “//don’t you?”// that are added to the end of declarative statements. I just overheard my friend using a tag question the other day. The example that she used was “This meal is really good, isn’t it?” []

Idiolect- According to Rowe and Levine, idiolect is an individual’s personal, individual way of speaking. For example, everyone thinks that how they talk is fine, but in reality, we all have some sort of accent. The following image is of one of my favorite comics. The teenager in this comic is having a hard time understanding his mother as she is speaking too quickly.



Courtney Margis 6-24-2011

Multiple Negation- According to Rowe and Levine, multiple negation is a characteristic of AAE and many other varieties of English. The negative word can appear before the noun, verb and modifiers. It might not be natural for an ELL, but while observing your parents at a very early age, you understand that it just does not sound right to say, “I will not never tell you how to wash the dishes again.” The following image is a comic that clearly demonstrates multiple negation as well as how pesky salespeople are.



Courtney Margis 6-24-2011

Cognates- According to Rowe and Levine, cognates are similar words in two or more different languages that were derived from a similar root language and may have similar meanings. In my high school Spanish classes, we were taught about the words that sound like English words, but it was not until I took a Spanish class in college that I was taught about the word embarazada (means that you are pregnant, not that you are embarrassed). The following link is a short YouTube clip about English/Spanish cognates. It seems silly to watch this, but if you are ever searching for a word in Spanish that means the same in English, the word may just be a cognate. <span class="wiki_link_ext">[]. Courtney Margis 6-24-2011

Taboo Words- According to Rowe and Levine, taboo words are slang words that have cultural rules restricting their use. Some of these are for bodily functions and body parts. For example, in schools children may learn about their hands and lungs, but never will children be taught about their penis or their vagina (this is expected of the parents, and even the parents shy away from these topics). The following link is a short video about some English taboo words. I found this video very interesting. [] Courtney Margis 6-24-2011

Jargon- According to Rowe and Levine, jargon is the in-group expressions of a profession, sport, hobby or field of expertise. For example, I work at Portillos and when we say, “Rockin’ in Drive”, this means that we are busy in the drive thru, make more fries… the same goes for “Rockin’ Up Front”. The image below is a picture representing corporate jargon. Some of the words are understandable, however, if one were to work at this corporate office, he or she would understand all of the ‘lingo’.



Courtney Margis 6-24-2011

[] [] [] **Slang words-** Slang words are newly coined words or those that have never been completely accepted in formal speech. (Levine, Rowe, 210).
 * Sociolinguistics-** According to our book, this is the study of how language and social factors, such as ethnicity, social class, age, gender, and educational level, are related. Alison Winkler June 21
 * Language Community**- A language community is a group of people who live, work, socialize, and communicate with one another. (Levine, Rowe 196) Our class is a language community. Alison Winkler June 21
 * Code switching-** this is the practice of changing from one style of language to another. (Levine, Rowe 196). Alison Winkler June 21
 * Cognates-** are similar words in two or more different languages that were derived from a similar root language and have may have similar meanings. (Levine, Rowe 202). Example- student and estudiante, school and escuela. Alison Winkler June 21

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">Tameka Caldwell June 22, 2011
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">Standard American English (SAE) **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;"> is the variety of American English used in business, education and the media. Here is a website that provides daily activities to help ESL learners to learn Standard American English, specifically idioms, slang, etc.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">BBC English **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;"> is the prestigious language form of British English because it is used by British Broadcasting Corporation. Here is an article discusses the controversy about English and whether or not Americans ruined English. []

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">Tameka Caldwell June 22, 2011
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">African American English (AAE **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">) is a variety of English used within African American communities. AAE is sometimes called Ebonics as well. To learn black slang used in the black community view this website. []

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Superstrate language **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> is the dominant language in pidgin language. It is the language that makes up the major of the pidgin language. For example, West African Pidgin English is a combination of West African language and English. To view examples of this language view this website. Based on this website, the West African language is the superstrate language. It appears that most of the vocabulary is from the West African language. Here is an example: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 3.75pt 0in 0pt;">“Dem dey go for go it res” translates to “They are going there to eat rice.” <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">[] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">Tameka Caldwell June 22, 2011

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Substrate language **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> is the subordinate language used in pidgin language. It is primarily used for the syntactical features of the language. In West African Pidgin English, English is the substrate language. Based on the translation of the sentences on this website are directly parallel to the syntactical structure of the English sentences. Here is an example: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 3.75pt 0in 0pt;">“Dem dey go for go it res” translates to “They are going there to eat rice.” <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">[] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">Tameka Caldwell June 22, 2011