Chapter+Six+Semantics+and+Pragmatics


 * Christina Gonzalez Chapter 6 Collaborative Reports 6-16-11 **


 * Semantics – ** is considered the study of meaning in language. Semantics are used to determine what the writer is trying to express in his or her writing. For example, the word "awful" originally meant "full of awe" instead of feeling "frightful" or "very bad", so semantics help distinguish between the different meanings depending on the context in which its used.

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 * Lexicon- ** refers to each person’s mental dictionary, which holds all the words and definitions an individual knows. For example, If I were write down a list of Layla’s lexicon it wouldn’t contain more than 30 words at the moment, yet if I were to write a list again in a year I would notice that her lexicon gained new words because her list would hopefully contain more than 100 words and meanings.

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 * Homonyms ** – refers to words that are similar in sound yet have different meanings. For example, with the words flour and flower they both sound the same when they are pronounced yet they both have entirely different meanings.

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 * //Hyponyms- //****Wikipedia defines that is in the sense, one of a group of words that share the same spelling and the same pronunciation but have different meanings. For example, when we say the noun bear, and the verb bear they sound the same and they are write the same but they have different meanings. This chart shows an example of Hyponyms of the words look. By Araceli Rodriguez June 17 **




 * Markedness ** - In linguistics, markedness refers to the way words are changed or added to give a special meaning and they tend to be the most common phrases.For example, if I were to say, "Hi, how are you?" you may or may not even answer the question. Yet, if I say "Hi, how’s your dad?" this is special type of question which gives a different meaning behind it.

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 * Hyponyms- ** Is basically the process of using more specific words to break down a specific topic into other parts or categories. For example, with the word //car// it can be broken down into other categories such as Buick, Chevy, and Ford etc.

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 * Key terms**

the study of the meaning of linguistic expressions, such as morphemes, words, phrases, clauses and sentences. It is, to be more specific, the study of the relationship between the signifier and that which is being signified. We discussed a form of semantics--semiotics--in an earlier chapter. We are dealing with the specific meaning of words on an individual basis, rather than how they fit into a constructed passage or sentence. Here is how another source, Wikitionary defines semantics. [] By: Molly Caldera 06.15.2011.
 * Semantics**

**Semantics **is the study of meaning of expressions (morphemes, words, phrases, clauses, and sentences) out of the context that they were uttered. For instance, in the sentence, “Dogs are clean” we would examine the referent and the referent meaning for each word. For more information on semantics, view this website: []

Tameka Caldwell June 15, 2011

the study of the effect of context on meaning. In other words, how or why things are said and the situations in which some utterances are acceptable and how they might not be in another. This web site gives some really great examples of pragmatics. [] By: Molly Caldera 06.15.2011.
 * Pragmatics**

**Pragmatics **is the study of the effect of context on meaning. So in the sentence, “Dogs are clean” we would focus more on the context in which the sentence was said to understand the meaning verses the actual meaning of the words (semantics). For more information on pragmatics, view this website: [] Tameka Caldwell June 15, 2011

//**Lexical semantics**// is the branch of semantics that deals with the meaning of words. So, if a lexicon is our mental dictionary which contains all of the words we have available in our vocabulary. A word's meaning might change depending on the referent. This link is a very in-depth discussion about lexical semantics and the history of the theories. [] By: Molly Caldera

//**Structural semantics**// is the branch of semantics that deals with the meaning of utterances larger than words. It is the study of how the structure of sentences contributes to meaning. The book example is the sentence //Chris has large dogs and cats//. Can we assume that he has both large dogs and large cats, or does he have large dogs, and does he also have cats, but cats of no particular size? When we construct a sentence, it is generally accepted that the adjective we write is meant to describe the noun following. Another example that I believe applies is the sentence, //A woman without her man is nothing.// I believe we saw this in one of the movies we watched in class, but one way to punctuate the sentence to provide a more clear meaning is //A woman, without her man, is nothing.// The sentence can also be written to provide a completely different meaning such as //A woman: without her, man is nothing.// Here are some examples of structural semantics, which defines the things implied by words. Concept Semantic features By: Molly Caldera 06.15.2011.
 * MAN-- [MALE], [ADULT], [HUMAN]
 * BOY [--MALE], [YOUNG], [HUMAN]
 * BACHELOR-- [MALE], [UNMARRIED], [HUMAN]
 * WOMAN-- [FEMALE], [ADULT], [HUMAN]
 * GIRL-- [FEMALE], [YOUNG], [HUMAN]
 * SPINSTER-- [FEMALE], [UNMARRIED], [HUMAN]
 * STALLION-- [MALE], [ADULT], [EQUINE]
 * MARE-- [FEMALE], [ADULT], [EQUINE]
 * FILLY-- [YOUNG], [EQUINE]

//**Lexicon**// is a mental dictionary each person has that contains the definitions of all the words that person knows. When engaged in a conversation, a person hears words and their brain searches and locates the meaning based on the information stored in that person's lexicon. When that person hears a word they do not know and is told the meaning of that particular word, then a new word has been added to that person's lexicon. The word lexicon is thrown around a lot in order to refer to one's lexicon of specific words, that is, categorized into genres of language and terms. For example, here is a "lexicon" of linguistic terms. [] By: Molly Caldera 06.15.2011.


 * //Referent//**


 * //Referential meaning: The first type of meaning, i.e., the meaning, or the "denotative" meaning. It is also sometimes referred to as the//**
 * //"signification" of a lexical item. The contribution that word or phrase can make to the meaning or function of the whole sentence.//**
 * //[] Donna Hughes//**

This is basically the extended meaning of a word or phrase that, in context, clarifies the referent. Instead of providing a link I just thought of this image so hopefully when we are taking the quiz we will remember this image and the definition will become clearer to us!
 * //Sense://**

Nena Awad 6/19/11 //**Shifting referents-**// Shifting referents-are referents that are different for each speaker and each sentence. Pronouns have shifting referents. Example-Are you taking anthropology with Mr. Stein? He is the teacher of the class.-Mr. Stein is the concrete referent for the word he in the sentence. Link-http://www.abcteach.com/directory/fun_activities/ Patty Wagner //**Semantic properties-**// Semantic properties-The elements of meaning that make up the lexical entry of the word in the speaker’s mind. Example- man-male, human, adult Boy-male, human, child Link-http://www.education.com/activity/article/play_word_bags_third/ Patty Wagner

//**Semantic domain-**// Semantic domain-A set of words that share semantic properties. Example-domain for tree-oak, maple, ash, birch. Link-http://www.lessonplanet.com/search?keywords=semantic+mapping&media=lesson Patty Wagner

//**Distinctive feature analysis-**// Distinctive feature analysis-The process of analyzing the semantic properties of a word. Example- Oak maple ash Plant + + + Has trunk + + + Tall + + + long lived + + + has broad leaves + + + Link-http://www.lessonplanet.com/search?keywords=semantic+mapping&media=lesson Patty Wagner

//**Markedness-**//

Markedness-As it relates to semantics, the concept that some words or morphemes are more common or usual than others. Example-When thinking about a tree-what is the most common tree that you might be thinking about, Pine or palm? Well it can depend on where you are from in the world, as you are going to think about what is common to your area. Link-http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/hayes/PBP/IntroToPBP.pdf Patty Wagner

//**Hyponyms: A word that describes things more specifically. Proper nouns are good examples, such as Niagra Falls, Ford...**// [] **Donna Hughes**

//**Synonyms: Different words with identical or at least similar meanings. Example- car and automobile**// //**[]**// //**[|http://www.synonyms.net] Donna Hughes**//

//**Paraphrase- restate a sentence using synonyms for some of the original words (Rowe & Levine). I encourage my students to paraphrase ideas and stories during their learning. For example, as a regular practice I have my students summarize or paraphrase stories they have read or activities they have completed. Since paraphrasing uses synonyms I have included a great website that assists students in developing vocabulary skills by using synonyms [] (Kathy Sullivan) **//

A denotation is the actual, most specific or basic meaning of the word. It is the first definition that someone will find in the dictionary. For example in the sentence: I am going home. The word home means - A place where one lives; a residence, their house. Watch this video to see a teacher demonstrating how to teach a lesson on denotation and connotation to her class. She is using a book called Red Leaves and this helps her teach inferences. [] By: Michelle Staszak June 17th
 * Denotation**

//**Connotation**// A connotation is the explicit meaning of a word, the implied meaning of a word or what a word makes us think of. If I am traveling out of the country, and I use the example sentence from the definition of denotation (I am going home.). Instead of home referring to a residence or house, in this sentence it can have a slightly different meaning such as: The place, such as a country or town, where one was born or has lived for a long period or An environment offering security and happiness.  This video is an extension to the lesson plan shown for the word denotation. []. This is a short video on the meanings of both the word denotation and connotation [] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">By: Michelle Staszak June 17th

//**Homonyms: Two or more words that are pronounced the same way but have different meanings. Example- meat and meet, to and two and too.**// //**[] Donna Hughes**//

//**Polysemous**// <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Polysemous is the word used to describe words that can have more than one meaning or multiple meanings. An example of this would be the word crane which can be either a bird or a type of construction equipment. This can cause lots of confusion for students learning English. The following article suggests different ways to help teach ESL children the concept of words that are polysemous. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">[] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">This link will take you to a sight that suggests different strategies to use when teaching vocabulary to students. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">[] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">By: Michelle Staszak June 17th

//**Antonyms: Pair of words having opposite meanings.**// [] [] [] Donna Hughes

**<span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">Complementary pairs **<span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">are antonyms that negate each other. For example, dead/alive, awake/asleep and girl/boy are complementary pairs. For a list of complementary pairs, view this website: <span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;">[] <span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;">Tameka Caldwell June 15, 2011

**<span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">Gradable pairs **<span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">are antonyms that are part of a larger set of related words and express that one of them is more or less than the other. For example, big/small, short/tall, and fat/skinny are gradable pairs. Gradable pairs depend on the context and point of view of the speaker to determine the extent of the difference between the two words. For a list of gradable pairs, view this website: [] <span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;">Tameka Caldwell June 15, 2011 //**Relational opposites**//

//**Structural semantics**//

//**Contradictions**// <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">A **contradiction** is a statement or utterance in which some of the words or semantic properties do not match with those of another. For example, my grandma always says, “No one goes to that restaurant, it’s too crowded.” Watch this short starburst commercial on contradictions. [] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">By: Michelle Staszak June 17th

//**Oxymoron: Self-contradicting phrase or word pair. Meaning- sharp/ dullness. Example- Jumbo Shrimp**// //**[] Donna Hughes**//


 * Anomalous utterances**

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 * Metaphors ( Rowe and Levine) anomalous utterances in which tow dissimilar items are symbolically considered to be the same. The following link is an interactive game that teaches students about metaphors (Kathy Sullivan) **

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 * Idiom- (**Rowe and Levine)_utterances in which there is a contradiction between the meaning of the parts of the utterance and the entire utterance.I own a file folder game from Lakeshore Learning that the kids love that teachers them about idioms. Inexpensive too! (Kathy Sullivan)

**<span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">Idioms **<span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">are utterances that exhibit a contradiction between the actual meaning of the words and the entire utterance. For instance, “hit the hay” means get in the bed and fall asleep. It does literally mean to strike hay. For an exercise on idioms, view this website: []

<span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;">Tameka Caldwell June 15, 2011

[] (Kathy Sullivan)
 * Pragmatics-**the practical use of language,Includes the study of how people use language through social meanings. The following youtube vide provides a deeper understanding of pragmatics using the word "hello" and it's meaning in different contexts


 * Code switching**- (Rowe and Levine) deliberately changing from one manner or style of speaking to another. An example of code switching that I first noticed when I was a young girl was the way my aunt talked with her friends. I always knew she was on the phone with a friend and not a business colleague by her manner of speaking. Talking to friends was very different than her speaking with business associates. (Kathy Sullivan)


 * //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">Code switching- //****<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"> is when you talk differently to a certain group of people. For example when you talk to your mom you are more comfortable speaking the same language “spanish” and when you talk to your friends you have a different way of speaking to them, using “English” only. This video show how two different languages Spanish and English languages are mix together spanglish in the songs switching from one language to another one. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">[] **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">By Araceli Rodriguez June 19 **


 * Affective meaning​**


 * Speech acts**


 * Performative utterances**


 * Discourse analysis**

This is a series of connected utterances, such as a conversation, story, lecture, or any other communication event. Considering I will be an English teacher I definitely would want to expose my students to the methods behind effective story-telling, conversing, lecturing, or just overall communication. I can do this through varied instruction that incorporates all of these elements. It’s essential for a teacher to have their students not only understand these series of connected utterances but to apply them through practicing! Now this is concept that would encourage the students to talk which is what I want them to do! Nena Awad 6/18/11
 * Discourse:**
 * New information v old information**


 * Deiksis**


 * Presupposition**

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">A greeting ritual is what a person says or does upon seeing someone they know. It is a special kind of discourse that are not at all important for the information conveyed, but are important for their social function. When I greet someone I usually say, “Hello, how are you today?” Please click on this link to read about a girl from France who explains the greeting ritual from her country. Followed by this article are many other greeting rituals from other countries. [] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">By: Michelle Staszak June 17th
 * Greeting rituals**

//**Maxims of conversation:**// <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 115%;">The principle describes how effective communication in conversation is achieved in common social situations and is further broken down into the four Maxims of Quality, Quantity, Relevance and Manner. When I think of this concept I just think of all the different situations one encounters in a day and how they conversations will vary from person to person. This can almost coincide with code switching however it basically gives us a better understanding of how to achieve effective communication in different situations as opposed to why we do it. This is an interesting concept in itself but looking into the four different maxims make it even more understandable.

Nena Awad 6/18/11

//**Cooperative principle**//

//**Maxim of Quality:**// The speaker does not believe to be false and for which adequate evidence is had. I got this information from a [|wiki page] that really broke it down form me where I understood it better. Hopefully it does the same for you as well. I will be using the same wiki page for all of the maxims therefore you can just keep that page open in order to understand all of them together. A friend's father considers whether or not to buy your friend's old car, and you are aware that your friend's old car has broken down before. Should I buy your friend's used car? Yeah, that sounds like a good idea, his car runs fine. I don't know if that's such a good idea, his car breaks down all the time. Nena Awad 6/18/11
 * Be Truthful**
 * Do not say what you believe to be false
 * Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
 * Example:****Background:**
 * A:**
 * B Improper:**
 * B Proper:**

//**Maxim of Quantity**// This maxim is adequate but not overly informative.

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Quantity of Information ** **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Example: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">**Background:** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;">A man stops his vehicle in the middle of the road to briefly ask you for directions. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">A: ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;">Where is the post office? **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">B Improper: ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;">There are two in town, but the closest one is brand new. Down the road, about 50 metres past the second left. Also, you shouldn't stop your car in the middle of the road anymore. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">B Improper: ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;">Not far. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">B Proper: ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;">Continue on, and make the second left up there. You'll see it. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;">Nena Awad 6/18/11
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal;">Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of the exchange).
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal;">Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.

//**Maxim of Relevance:**// This is basically self-explanatory in that it needs to be relevant. How are you doing in school? What fine weather we're having lately! Not so well, I'm afraid. I'd rather not discuss it. Mind your own business. Ugh, I wonder what time it is... It's 6:30. It's 6:30. So, you have the whole night ahead of you! Have you eaten at Harry's before? It's 6:30, I have a meeting to go to at 7:00, but maybe you'd like to do something afterwards? Nena Awad 6/18/11 //**Maxim of Manner:**// This maxim is clear, unambiguous, brief, and orderly. Can you take out the trash? Well, it is probable that I would take out the trash more often if someone weren't flagrantly wasteful, such that the majority of trash weren't always coming from that person. Yes, but we need to talk about how we are assigning the chores around here when I get back. Nena Awad 6/18/11 //**Hyponyms-**//
 * Example 1:****A:**
 * B Improper:**
 * B Proper:**
 * B Proper:**
 * Example 2:****A:** (Noticeably indicating boredom)
 * B Improper:**
 * B Proper:**
 * B Proper:**
 * Be Clear**
 * Avoid obscurity of expression.
 * Avoid ambiguity.
 * Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).
 * Be orderly.
 * Example:****A:**
 * B Improper:**
 * B Proper:**
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">Homonyms- //****<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">Rowe and Levine defines are words that sound the same but have different meanings. In the book states some examples are like to and two, this words sound the same but have different meaning. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">This is an example of how these two words are different but they sound the same. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">[] By Araceli Rodriguez June 17




 * //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">Metaphors- //****<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">Rowe & Levine describes as anomalous utterances in which two dissimilar items are symbolically considered to be similar. In the book ****<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">gives an example of a metaphor, “My car is hungry” meaning that the car needs gasoline. ****<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">In ****<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">this video show a few songs that the lyrics use some metaphors. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">[] By Araceli Rodriguez June 19 **


 * //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">Old Information //****<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">-is information already previously given. An example is like when you say I went to a movie first and then to the party. The article the use for the old information. This image shows an example of how the woman tells the man to buy 3 things and how the man does not write down the information he thinks he can remember it but he doesn’t at the end. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">[] **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">By Araceli Rodriguez June 19 **

Paraphrase- According to Rowe and Levine, to paraphrase is to restate an utterance using synonyms for some of the original words. The first time I heard the word ‘paraphrase’ was probably entering high school. Prior to high school, I was always under the impression “…use your own words…”. The following clip is a video from Capella University explaining why and how to paraphrase @http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sgMJ16WUEPg. Courtney Margis 6.17.2011

Denotation- According to Rowe and Levine, a denotation is the referential meaning of a words or morpheme, often the first meaning listed in a dictionary. The following examples are borrowed from classweb.gmu.edu Stop Sign: Stop (even without words, we recognize the meaning from the shape and color) Health Club Ad: fit person in foreground --> you could look like this The following link is a video of a 4th grade English teacher describing the difference between connotation and denotation @http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bq_5_bj0AXU&feature=related. Courtney Margis 6.17.2011

Polysemous- According to Rowe and Levine, polysemous are words that have more than one meaning. An example of a polysemous is the Buffalo sentence that we saw last week [Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo.]. The following link is a video about polysemous featuring English speaking Madagascar animals @http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ZPDuOjUbWQ&feature=related.



Courtney Margis 6.17.2011

Greeting Rituals- According to Rowe and Levine, greeting rituals are a special kind of discourse that are not at all important for the information they convey, but are important for their social function. I have no idea what they are saying, but the following link is of the Dogon tribe greeting each other http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gHpzMgz5EY&playnext=1&list=PLEB41D99295A27D6A.



Courtney Margis 6.17.2011

Metaphors- According to Rowe and Levine, metaphors are anomalous utterances in which two dissimilar items are symbolically considered to be similar. The following link describes 7 of the most commonly heard metaphors and what they mean http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eFgRj-5d5Ac.



Courtney Margis 6.17.2011


 * Semantics**- According to our book, semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistics expressions, such as morphemes, words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. Alison Winkler June 19PICTURE

**Pragmatics-** This is the study of the effect of context on meaning. (Levine, Rowe 153). We have to keep in mind these things when using pragmatics- Context of utterance, Generally observed principles of communication, and the goals of the speaker Alison Winkler June 19PICTURE

**Sense-** Sense is the extended meaning of a word or phrase that, in that context, clarifies the referent. (Levine, Rowe 154). []

**Semantic properties-** are the elements of meaning that make up the lexical entry of the word in the speaker’s mind. For example, man- male, human, adult and boy- male, human, child. (Levine, Rowe 156). Alison Winkler June 19 []

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 * Semantic domain-** a set of words that share semantic properties (Levine and Rowe 157). The domain of trees includes maple, oak, evergreen, ash, birch. Alison Winkler June 19

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'inherit','serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">Stephanie Signore - June 18
 * Homonyms -** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'inherit','serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">Homonyms are words that have different meanings but sound the same. An example of homonyms would be “write” and right” A person can “write” a paper and a person can also say the “right” answer. [[image:homonyms.png width="480" height="299" align="left"]][]

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'inherit','serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">One of the examples I presented to my students of an oxymoron was the phrase “small crowd”. Crowds are normally considered a larger group of people whereas the word small would contradict that meaning. [] Stephanie Signore - June 18
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'inherit','serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">Oxymorons - **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'inherit','serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">According to the text, oxymorons are phrases that combine contradictory words.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'inherit','serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">When I was younger I was given the example of “It’s raining cats and dogs”. It’s not really raining actual cats and dogs but it is raining hard. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'inherit','serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">[] <span style="color: black; font-family: 'inherit','serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">Stephanie Signore - June 18
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'inherit','serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">Idioms - **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'inherit','serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">According to our book, idioms are utterances in which there is a contradiction between the meaning of the parts of the utterance and the entire utterance.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'inherit','serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">Stephanie Signore - June 18
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'inherit','serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">Antonyms - **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'inherit','serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">Antonyms are words that are opposite of each other. [[image:antonyms.jpg width="247" height="167" align="left"]]An example of an antonym would be the words day and night. []

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'inherit','serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">Stephanie Signore - June 18
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'inherit','serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">Synonyms - **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'inherit','serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">Synonyms have the same meaning but sound different. An example of synonyms would be “tired” and “sleepy”. They both mean the same thing but they do not sound the same. [|http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.valdosta.edu/~mawarr/synonyms1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.valdosta.edu/~mawarr/topic.html&usg=__Mcg9jLqWNoDqO0KPOmJREtp6BhU=&h=490&w=380&sz=268&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=YgmKUiWHbSqh9M:&tbnh=117&tbnw=91&ei=ku38TZqAMKzciALe4aTwBA&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dsynonym%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26biw%3D1209%26bih%3D557%26tbm%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1&iact=rc&dur=141&page=1&ndsp=24&ved=1t:429,r:9,s:0&tx=68&ty=59]

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